• NAME
• SYNOPSIS
• DESCRIPTION
• UNICODE VERSION
• FUNCTIONS
• AUTHOR
• LICENSE
• SEE ALSO

NAME

Net::IDN::Encode - Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)

SYNOPSIS

  use Net::IDN::Encode ':all';
  my $a = domain_to_ascii("müller.example.org");
  my $e = email_to_ascii("POSTMASTER@例。テスト");
  my $u = domain_to_unicode('EXAMPLE.XN--11B5BS3A9AJ6G');

DESCRIPTION

This module provides an easy-to-use interface for encoding and decoding Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs).

IDNs use characters drawn from a large repertoire (Unicode), but IDNA allows the non-ASCII characters to be represented using only the ASCII characters already allowed in so-called host names today (letter-digit-hyphen, /[A-Z0-9-]/i).

Use this module if you just want to convert domain names (or email addresses), using whatever IDNA standard is the best choice at the moment.

You should be familiar with Unicode support in perl, as this module expects correctly encoded input. See perlunitut, perluniintro and perlunicode for details.

UNICODE VERSION

To convert labels correctly between Unicode and ASCII, each character in the label must be present in the Unicode version supported by your perl. Consequently, this module will refuse to convert labels with new Unicode characters on older perl versions (see below).

FUNCTIONS

By default, this module does not export any subroutines. You may use the :all tag to import everything. You can also use regular expressions such as /^to_/ or /^email_/ to select some of the functions, see Exporter for details.

The following functions are available:

to_ascii( $label, %param )

Converts a single label $label to ASCII. Will throw an exception on invalid input. If $label is already a valid ASCII domain label (including most NON-LDH labels such as those used for SRV records and fake A-labels), this function will never fail but return $label as-is if conversion would fail.

This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):

AllowUnassigned

(boolean) If set to a true value, code points that are unassigned in the Unicode version supported by your perl are allowed. This is an extension over UTS #46.

While this increases the number of labels that can be converted successfully (especially on older perls) and may thus maximizes the compatibility with domain names created under future versions of Unicode, it also introduces the risk of incorrect conversions. Characters added in later versions of Unicode might have properties that affect the conversion; if these properties are not known on your version of perl, you might therefore end up with an incorrect conversion.

The default is false.

UseSTD3ASCIIRules

(boolean) If set to a true value, checks the label for compliance with STD 3 (RFC 1123) syntax for host name parts. The exact checks done depend on the IDNA standard used. Usually, you will want to set this to true.

Please note that UseSTD3ASCIIRules only affects the conversion between ASCII labels (A-labels) and Unicode labels (U-labels). Labels that are in ASCII may still be passed-through as-is.

For historical reasons, the default is false (unlike domain_to_ascii).

TransitionalProcessing

(boolean) If set to true, the conversion will be compatible with IDNA2003. This only affects four characters: 'ß' (U+00DF), 'ς' (U+03C2), ZWJ (U+200D) and ZWNJ (U+200C). Usually, you will want to set this to false.

The default is false.

This function does not handle strings that consist of multiple labels (such as domain names). Use domain_to_ascii instead.

to_unicode( $label, %param )

Converts a single label $label to Unicode. Will throw an exception on invalid input. If $label is an ASCII label (including most NON-LDH labels such as those used for SRV records), this function will not fail but return $label as-is if conversion would fail.

This function takes the same optional parameters as to_ascii, with the same defaults.

If $label is already in ASCII, this function will never fail but return $label as is as a last resort (i.e. pass-through).

This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):

AllowUnassignedAllowUnassigned

UseSTD3ASCIIRulesUseSTD3ASCIIRules

See to_unicode above. Please note that there is no need for TransitionalProcessing for to_unicode.

This function does not handle strings that consist of multiple labels (such as domain names). Use domain_to_unicode instead.

domain_to_ascii( $label, %param )

Converts all labels of the hostname $domain (with labels separated by dots) to ASCII (using to_ascii). Will throw an exception on invalid input.

This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):

AllowUnassignedAllowUnassigned

TransitionalProcessingTransitionalProcessing

See to_unicode above.

UseSTD3ASCIIRulesUseSTD3ASCIIRules

(boolean) If set to a true value, checks the label for compliance with STD 3 (RFC 1123) syntax for host name parts.

The default is true (unlike to_ascii).

This function will convert all dots to ASCII, i.e. to U+002E (full stop). The following characters are recognized as dots: U+002E (full stop), U+3002 (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop), U+FF61 (halfwidth ideographic full stop).

domain_to_unicode( $domain, %param )

Converts all labels of the hostname $domain (with labels separated by dots) to Unicode. Will throw an exception on invalid input.

This function takes the same optional parameters as domain_to_ascii, with the same defaults.

This function takes the following optional parameters (%param):

AllowUnassignedAllowUnassigned

UseSTD3ASCIIRulesUseSTD3ASCIIRules

See domain_to_unicode above. Please note that there is no TransitionalProcessing for domain_to_unicode.

This function will preserve the original version of dots. The following characters are recognized as dots: U+002E (full stop), U+3002 (ideographic full stop), U+FF0E (fullwidth full stop), U+FF61 (halfwidth ideographic full stop).

email_to_ascii( $email, %param )

Converts the domain part (right hand side, separated by an at sign) of an RFC 2821/2822 email address to ASCII, using domain_to_ascii. May throw an exception on invalid input.

It takes the same parameters as domain_to_ascii.

This function currently does not handle internationalization of the local-part (left hand side). Future versions of this module might implement an ASCII conversion for the local-part, should one be standardized.

This function will convert the at sign to ASCII, i.e. to U+0040 (commercial at), as well as label separators. The following characters are recognized as at signs: U+0040 (commercial at), U+FE6B (small commercial at) and U+FF20 (fullwidth commercial at).

email_to_unicode( $email, %param )

Converts the domain part (right hand side, separated by an at sign) of an RFC 2821/2822 email address to Unicode, using domain_to_unicode. May throw an exception on invalid input.

It takes the same parameters as domain_to_unicode.

This function currently does not handle internationalization of the local-part (left hand side). Future versions of this module might implement a conversion from ASCII for the local-part, should one be standardized.

This function will preserve the original version of at signs (and label separators). The following characters are recognized as at signs: U+0040 (commercial at), U+FE6B (small commercial at) and U+FF20 (fullwidth commercial at).

AUTHOR

Claus Färber <CFAERBER@cpan.org>

LICENSE

Copyright 2007-2014 Claus Färber.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

SEE ALSO

the Net::IDN::Punycode manpage, the Net::IDN::UTS46 manpage, the Net::IDN::IDNA2003 manpage, the Net::IDN::IDNA2008 manpage, UTS #46 (http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr46/), RFC 5890 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5890).